过去完成时的用法详解(一):
过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,也能够说过去的时光关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。能够用by, before等介词短语或一个时光状语从句来表示,也能够用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可能经过上下文来表示。
例如:By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟,我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。
She turned scarlet from embarrassment, once she realized what she had done.
她意识到自我做了什么后羞红了脸。
Edward VIII had done the unthinkable and abdicated the throne.
爱德华八世竟主动逊位,真是匪夷所思。
The government had done everything it could to push down inflation.
政府已经采取了所有可能的措施来抑制通货膨胀。
If he had done otherwise, I should have thought him a rascal.
如果他不这样做, 我就认为他是个恶棍.
基本结构
主语+had+过去分词vpp.(done)
①肯定句:主语+had+过去分词.
②否定句:主语+had+not+过去分词.
③一般疑问句:Had+主语+过去分词?
肯定回答:Yes,主语+had.
否定回答:No,主语+had not .
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(Had+主语+过去分词)?
基本用法
过去完成时的用法详解(二):
一、过去完成时的基本用法
过去完成时与此刻完成时相似,也有“已完成”和“未完成”两种用法,所不一样的是,过去完成时将时光推移到过去某一时光之前,即所谓的“过去的过去”。具体地说,它既可表示在过去某一时光之前已完成的动作,也可表示从一个较早的过去持续一个较迟的过去的动作:[本内容由 首页 / 整理]
He had left when I arrived. 当我到达时他已经离开。
By six o’clock he had worked twelve hours. 到6点钟时他就已工作了12小时。
二、正确运用过去完成时的方法
正确运用过去完成时最重要的是要正确理解“过去的过去”。“过去的过去”是一个相对时光,即它相对于一个过去时光而言,并在其过去。这种相对的“过去的过去”有时经过必须的时光副词(状语)体现出来,有时则可能是经过必须的上下文来体现:
I found the watch which I had lost. 我找到了我丢失的表。
The house was quiet. Everybody had gone to bed. 屋子里很安静,大家都睡觉了。
"Was Jack at the office?" "No, he’d gone home." “杰克在办公室吗?”“不在,回家了。”
【注】有些通常与此刻完成时连用的词语,由于在必须的语境中,谓语动作移到了“过去的过去”,也应用过去完成时。比较:
We haven’t seen each other since we left Paris. 自从离开巴黎后我们一向没见过面。
I saw Mr Smith last Sunday. We hadn’t seen each other since we left Paris. 上周星期天我见到史密斯先生了,自从离开巴黎后我们还一向没见过面。
三、表示过去未曾实现的想法
过去完成时可表示过去未曾实现的想法和打算,通常连用的动词是 want, think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose 等:
I had meant to e, but something happened. 我本想来,但有事就没有来。
I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想发言,但时光不允许。
We had hoped that you would e to see us, but you didn’t. 我们本想你来看我们的,但你没有来。
过去完成时的用法详解(三):
过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense):过去完成时表示过去某一时光之前完成的动作或发生的情景,句子谓语形式由had+动词的过去分词构成,通常表述为“过去的过去”。在不一样的句子结构中有相应体现,也可跟有必须的时光状语,如by,before等介词或连词。
1.过去完成时的结构:
1.1 肯定句:主语+had+done+others
A. I had arrived.
我已经到了。
B. He had sent the letter.
他已经寄了这封信。
1.2 否定句:主语+had+not+done+others
A. However,Her father had not brought her birthday presents.
然而,她的父亲没有给她买生日礼物。
1.3 疑问句:had+主语+done+others
肯定回答:YES,主语+had否定回答:NO,主语+ hadn’t
A. Had Lisa gone to costume ball ?
丽莎已经去化妆舞会了吗?
Yes,she had.
是的,她去了。
No,she hadn’t.
没有,她没去。
1.4 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+had+主语+done+others
A. Why had The Castle bee a memory of generation?
为什么电影城堡已经成为了一代的记忆?
1.5 被动语态:主语+had(not)been+done+others
A. At the end of last year,another magic design had been pleted.
在去年低,另一个神奇的设计已经完成。
B. There was still doubtful that why the film had not been chased by public.
对于这部电影为什么没有被大众所追捧依然存在些疑惑。
2.过去完成时的用法
2.1 在宾语从句中的运用:
A. To my surprise,Josh told me that he had engaged.
令我惊讶的是,乔希告诉我他已经订婚了。
B. Lizzy asked John what the professor had said in class.
在课上,利兹问约翰,教授说了什么。(那里“said”的动作在“ask”之前)
2.2 在定语从句中的运用:
A. Yesterday, I helped an old man who had lost her way.
昨日,我帮忙了一个已经迷路的老人。(who引导的定语从句)
2.3 在以主语+had done, beforeby+过去时光状语词组从句中的运用:
A.Mr.Wanghad attended the conference and delivered a speech before he visited Yorkshire.
王先生在去约克郡之前已经出席了会议并发表演讲。(before引导的从句,一般过去时)
B. Cappuccino had bee a quick seller in Starbucks,by the end of last month.
到上个月底为止,卡布奇诺已经成为了星巴克的畅销品。(by引导的时光状语)
2.4 Had done在虚拟语气中的运用(属于较特殊情景):
(1)在虚拟条件句中的运用,此时的意思要根据语境而定,能够与虚拟语气一齐来归纳。主要表示与过去事实相反的愿望,即与过去事实相反。
A. If I I had taken your advice, I would have got a good grade in the exam.
如果我听取了你的提议,我将会在考试中取得好的成绩。(had taken证明过去我没有采取提议)
(2)有expect,intend,suppose(假定),hope,think等动词的.过去完成时在句中出现时,表示未实现的打算,期望,愿望的意味。
A.I expect that I had been an intern in that pany.
我期望我已经是那个公司的一名实习生。(同样地,我并不是这个公司的实习生)
(3)在If only(但愿,要是) or wish出现的虚拟语气中,同样也表示与过去事实相反的愿望,想法。
A. Honestly,if only I had studied in university.
说真的,要是我在大学学习多好!(事实上我没有,与现实相反)
B. I wish I had been awarded the prize in the sports meeting.
我期望我在运动会上被授予了奖励。(事实上获奖不存在)
2.5 在时光状语从句中的运用:
例如一些引导词 since, until, no sooner...than, hardly...when, scarcely...when 等,一般可视为 "had done" 出现的信号,从句常用一般过去时。
A.No sooner had Whitney Houston began to sing a song than there was an instant sensation.
惠特妮·休斯顿一开始唱歌,就引起了瞬时的轰动。(注意:那里由于no sooner 否定前置,句子谓语部分倒装,所以”had”提前)
A. It was a long time since Darcy had lived in this city.
达西住在这座城市已经有很长时光了。(达西在过去的某个时光点之前就住在这座城市)
过去完成时的用法详解(四):
(1)过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时光或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在“过去的过去”。如:
When I woke up,it had stopped raining.我醒来时,雨已经停了。(“雨停”发生在“我醒来”之前)
(2)过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是“过去的过去”,仅有和过去某一时光或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如:
He told me that he had written a new book.他告诉我他写了一本新书。(“写书”发生在“告诉我”之前)
(3)过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时光状语连用,它不能离开过去时光而独立存在。此时多与already,yet,still,just,before,never等时光副词及 by,before,until等引导的短语或从句连用。如:
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.彼得到10岁的时候已经收集了300多张中国邮票。
(4)过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时已经开始,一向延续到某一过去时光,并且动作尚未结束,仍然有继续下去的可能。如:
By the end of last year,he had worked in the factory for twenty years.到去年年底为止,他已经在这个工厂工作了20年。(已经工作了 20 年,还有继续进行下去的可能)
过去完成时的用法详解(五):
01. 过去完成时构成法
过去完成时由助动词 had+过去分词构成。现以动词 work为例,将过去完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式列表如下:
02. 过去完成时基本用法
表示过去某一时光或某一事件前已发生且已完成的动作或状态。如:
We had finished the work by nine o clock yesterday.
昨晚九点前我们已完成了工作。
When he got there,the train had already left.
他到了那儿时火车已经开了。
Grace realized she had made a mistake.
格瑞丝意识到她犯了个错误。
They had pleted the project by the end of 1999.
到1999年底他们已完成了那个项目。
1.—Did you see Tom at the party?
—No, he by the time I got there.
A. left
B. was leaving
C. had left
D. has left
【答案选 C】这句话强调的是“他在我来之前就走了”,“我到达”用的是“got”,过去时,所以他走应当是过去的过去,所以应当用过去完成时。
2. The news came as no surprise to me. I for some time that the factory was going to shut down.
A. had known
B. knew
C. have known
D. know
【答案选A】在工厂倒闭之前已经明白这个消息,所以用过去完成时态。
表示在过去某一时光或某一事件前已发生但尚未完成的动作或状态。如:
By July last year,Emma had studied here for 3 years.
到去年七月艾玛已经在这儿学习了三年了。
When Mark opened the door, he saw a woman standing there. He her before.
A. never saw
B. had never seen
D. has never seen
C. never sees
【答案选B】由过去时态构成的句子语言环境能够看出,应首先排除 C、D两个选项。再由句子中的before能够看出是说在那之前从没见过她,所以用过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,即那之前的一段时光的情景。一般过去时只表示过去某个时光点发生动作或存在情景。
过去完成时常用在引述动词一般过去时后的间接引语中。如:
They said that they had planted the trees on the hillside.
他们说他们把树种在山坡上了。
Jack told me he had read the book before.
杰克告诉我他以前读过那本书。
Julie said she had gone to see him the day before.
朱莉说她前一天已经去看过他。
用于对过去事实进行虚拟的条件句中。如:
If I had hurried, I wouldn't have missed the train.
如果我快点的话,我就不会误了火车。
If you had been at the party, you would have met him.
如果你去了晚会,你就会见到他的。
think,want,hope,plan,intend,mean和suppose等词的过去完成时能够用来表示本来要做而没做或无法做的事,或没有实现的期望或意图。如:
Eve had hoped to see more of China.
伊芙曾期望在中国多观光一番。
I had intended to be there on time.
我本打算准时去的。
Greta had meant to see her off at the airport.
格瑞塔本打算是要去机场送她的。
用于wish后的宾语从句中,表示对过去未做成的事情的某种感叹或愿望。如:
I wish I had been there at that time.
那时候我要在那儿就好了。(事实上我不在那儿。)
I wish I had told him about it.
我要是告诉他那事就好了。(事实上我没告诉他。)